(Correction: This was during a Windows 11 install, not as I stated earlier Windows 10)
I was able to solve it through a somewhat painful process. My guess is Microsoft is using an MS Edge based app to do the install. I created a MS account during the installation. The installation kept some sort of cookie that flagged the new account as not registered with MS, and there is no way to clear cache or cookies during the install.
I ended up finishing the install using my personal MS credentials, then did a PC reset install using my friends new MS account that I created earlier on another workstation, because it never really was created when I tried to create it during the MS installation, because it was stuck in the "prove I am human" Captcha loop.
Moral of the story in this situation: don't try to create a MS account during a new PC setup. Make sure the account is already set up prior to trying to starting the installation.